Written by Nigel Draffin, acknowledged bunker industry expert and past Chairman of the International Bunker Industry Association, this book is a highly respected and invaluable introduction to the bunker industry. It provides clear answers to complicated questions and its useful, up-to-date data and illustrations will help anyone in the maritime industry to understand exactly what bunkering is all about. It is just as relevant to vessel charterers, ship operators, marine lawyers and port agents as it is to buyers and sellers of marine fuel.
INDICE: Dedication. Foreword. Preface. About the author. Acknowledgements. . Chapter 1 - What are Bunkers?. Types of fuel. Residual fuel. Distillate fuel. Daily consumption. The size of the bunker market. . Chapter 2 - Who buys and who sells?. Buyers. Sellers. Brokers. . Chapter 3 - Who else takes part?. Port authorities. Customs. Delivery companies. Agents. Shipping jargon. Ship types. . Chapter 4 - Prices. Bunker price reports. Hedging. Posted prices. . Chapter 5 - How to buy, how to sell. What to buy?. Where to buy?. Bunker ports. Port restrictions. Offshore deliveries. How much to buy?. Vessel restrictions. When to buy?. Enquiry. Offer. Model offers. Delivery charges. Negotiation. Fixture. Confirmation. Post fixture. Invoicing. Payment. . Chapter 6 - Terms and Conditions. Principal clauses. . Chapter 7 - Bunker properties. Units. Manufacture. Elements. Contaminants. Adulterants. Properties for which we test. Density. Viscosity. Water. Ash. Carbon Residue. Sulphur. Aluminium. Silicon. Vanadium. Total Sediment Potential (TSP). Sodium. Calcium, zinc and phosphorous. Iron. Nickel. Asphaltenes. Pour point. Flash point. Hydrogen sulphide. Stability. Acid number. Lubricity. Oxidisation stability. Compatibility. Ease of ignition. Microbial contamination. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Screening. Safety issues. Fire and explosion. Health. Material Safety Data Sheets. Pollution. . Chapter 8 - Bunker specifications. Origins. Current standards. ISO 8217. CIMAC 2003. . Chapter 9 - How are bunkers delivered?. Barge. Dumb barges. Self-propelled barges. Coastal tankers. Pipeline. Road tanker. Rail tanker. Drum. Booming. Delivery procedures. Access. Communications. Sampling. . Chapter 10 - How are bunkers measured?. Measurement details. . Chapter 11 - How are bunkers used?. Diesel engine. Slow speed diesel. Medium speed diesel. High speed diesel. Boilers. Steam turbine. Gas turbine. Fuel storage. Fuel treatment. Settling. Centrifuging. Heaters. Filtration. Injection viscosity. . Chapter 12 - What can go wrong?. Quantity dispute. Delay to shipping. Delay to barge. Quality dispute. Debunkering. . Chapter 13 - How to avoid and deal with problems. Dispute communications. Notice of claim. Exchange of information. Referee analysis. Surveyors. Evidence. Advice. Resolution. . Appendix I - International Organisations, Legislation and Regulation. Flag State and Port State. International Maritime Organization. Proposed changes to sulphur limits. The European Union. United States. Others. . Appendix II - Where else to go for help. Non-governmental organisations. Technical and legal information. General bunkering. Useful websites. . Appendix III - Abbreviations. . Index. .